Looking ahead: Joint small group detection and tracking in crowd scenes

Small group detection and tracking in crowd scenes are basis for high level crowd analysis tasks. However, it suffers from the ambiguities in generating proper groups and in handling dynamic changes of group configurations. In this paper, we propose a novel delay decision-making based method for addressing the above problems, motivated by the idea that these ambiguities can be solved using rich temporal context. Specifically, given individual detections, small group hypotheses are generated. Then candidate group hypotheses across consecutive frames and their potential associations are built in a tree. By seeking for the best non-conflicting subset from the hypothesis tree, small groups are determined and simultaneously their trajectories are got. So this framework is called joint detection and tracking. This joint framework reduces the ambiguities in small group decision and tracking by looking ahead for several frames. However, it results in the unmanageable solution space because the number of track hypotheses grows exponentially over time. To solve this problem, effective pruning strategies are developed, which can keep the solution space manageable and also improve the credibility of small groups. Experiments on public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The method achieves the state-of-the-art performance even in noisy crowd scenes.     

基于“效益-精度”对冲的两级电力市场负荷预测技术

电力市场的引入对协助电力行业实现电网的稳定运行和规划,促进电能的有效利用和调度,避免资源的浪费,发挥着不可替代的作用。在各国的电力市场中,售电公司/大用户通常会采用预测模型开展负荷预测,并为日前电力市场交易提供依据。当前提出的各负荷预测模型主要以“精准”作为唯一的优化目标,缺乏对各市场价格的差异性波动及售电公司/大用户经济效益的考虑。提出兼顾精确性和经济性的目标策略,建立基于“效益-精度”对冲的两级电力市场负荷预测技术,此技术基于传统负荷预测技术,在目标函数中引入成本因素,采用改进的反向传播法作为网络训练方法。通过对纽约地区负荷数据开展实例验证,验证结果显示,该方法对量化售电公司效益,推进其经济性和准确性综合提升,具有明显成效。     

含柔性多状态开关的主动配电网有功-无功协调动态优化

多端柔性多状态开关(FDS)作为可实现功率实时调控的装置,有利于实现主动配电网的运行优化。文中基于FDS接入配电网的拓扑和运行数学模型,建立含FDS支路的配电网有功-无功协调动态优化运行模型:构建多时间尺度有功-无功调度架构,以最优网损和电压均衡为目标函数,并考虑计及系统安全和断面动作限制的运行约束条件。为提高多断面潮流模型的求解效率和松弛精度,提出针对二阶锥规划和非线性规划的模型求解优化方法,并利用求解工具集SCIP等算法包获取测试结果。最后,依托实际工程数据,在含三端FDS主动配电网系统中展开仿真测试,结果呈现了FDS接入对主动配电网电能质量改善、运行策略优化和潮流智能分配的积极影响,并验证了所述方法的寻优稳定性和计算高效性。     

基于数据驱动的低压配电网线户关系识别方法

低压配电网的线户关系自动识别是智能低压配电网实现的基础。通过分析低压配电网中负荷节点电压所呈现的空间、时间以及时空特性,依托"互联网+"智慧能源发展带来的海量电网运行数据,提出了基于数据驱动的低压配电网线户关系识别方法。通过建立基于基尔霍夫电流定律的优化模型,并将其转化为二次规划问题求解,实现低压配电网线户关系识别。同时为了提高求解效率并解决空房用户的识别问题,提出了一种基于电压时空特性的电能表聚类方法。73用户算例系统和多个试点台区应用效果验证了所提方法的有效性,并分析了电能表计量误差、数据长度对识别结果的影响。     

考虑激励型需求侧响应的电-气互联系统两阶段随机优化调度

电力和天然气网的耦合和互联,为风电等新能源的消纳提供了新方式。文章在考虑电转气(power to gas,P2G)设备和激励型需求响应(incentive demand response,IDR)的备用服务后,构建了电-气互联系统(integrated pow er and gas system,IPGS)带补偿两阶段随机优化调度模型。模型的决策目标包含基于风电预测出力的日前确定性调度经济成本,以及考虑实时风电场景的功率平衡补偿成本。同时计及激励型需求响应不确定性后,建立了需求响应经济补偿分段线性化模型。以IEEE 39节点电网和修改的比利时20节点天然气网组成的系统进行仿真,分析系统运行成本和天然气网的备用容量裕度,验证了所提模型的有效性。此外,进一步分析了激励型需求响应的响应概率对电-气互联系统经济调度的影响。     

信息物理系统架构下集群风电自适应控制方法

针对传统集群风电有功控制模式中安全裕度偏于保守的问题,基于信息物理系统架构提出了一种面向集群风电的运行断面自适应控制方法.基于风电场功率响应特性,提出了断面裕度动态计算的实现方法.根据断面裕度动态计算结果和风电场的发电状态,动态调整风电场运行方式,实现集群风电与运行断面间的自适应.基于某地区电网实际数据构造的算例表明,所提出的方法在降低断面越限时间33. 3%的同时,能减少弃风约21. 4%.该方法对提升运行断面传输利用率、降低运行断面越限时间具有促进作用.     

Integrated smart grid systems security threat model

The smart grid (SG) integrates the power grid and the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) with the aim of achieving more reliable and safe power transmission and distribution to the customers. Integrating the power grid with the ICT exposes the SG to systems security threats and vulnerabilities that could be compromised by malicious users and attackers. This paper presents a SG systems threats analysis and integrated SG Systems Security Threat Model (SSTM). The reference architecture of the SG, with its components and communication interfaces used to exchange the energy-related information, is integrated with the results of SG systems security threat analysis to produce a comprehensive, integrated SG SSTM. The SG SSTM in this paper helps better depict and understand the vulnerabilities exploited by attackers to compromise the components and communication links of the SG. The SG SSTM provides a reference of the systems security threats for industrial security practitioners, and can be used for design and implementation of SG systems security controls and countermeasures.     

Experimental investigation of the failure mechanism of Cu–Sn intermetallic compounds in SAC solder joints

A detailed experimental study on the fracture mechanism of Cu–Sn intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the Pb-free solder was presented in this paper. The growth behaviors of the Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn IMCs were inspected and the respective evolution pattern of their microstructures was investigated. Then, a detailed fractographic analysis on brittle fractured solder joints was conducted after the high speed ball pull test. The fracture locations in the Cu–Sn IMC layers during different periods of aging process were identified. The fracture modes of Cu₆Sn₅ and Cu₃Sn were determined as well. Afterwards, the fracture energies of different Cu–Sn IMC materials were directly compared using the Charpy impact test with a specially designed specimen. It was found that the grain boundary of Cu₃Sn is the weakest link in the Cu–Sn IMC system. Finally, based on these three parts of study, a mechanism to explain the thermal degradation of Cu–Sn IMCs was proposed.     

大型煤气化技术在IGCC电站中的应用现状

介绍了国内外已投运燃煤IGCC电站所采用的气化技术的基本情况及气化炉在IGCC电站运行中获得的主要经验,总结了世界上处于建设或规划中的主要燃煤IGCC电站的基本情况和采用的气化技术。对燃煤IGCC电站气化技术应用现状的综述可为将来IGCC电站项目选择煤气化技术提供参考和借鉴。